woefully [ˈwəufəli] DJ [ˈwofəlɪ] KK
adverb
1.悲哀地
2.令人遺憾地
woeful /ˈwəʊfl/ DJ /ˈwoʊfl/ DJ US /'wofəl/ KK US
adjective
1.very bad or serious; that you disapprove of 糟糕的；嚴重的；不合意的 usually before noun
See also: deplorable Synonym
She displayed a woeful ignorance of the rules. 她對這些條例表現出可悲的無知。
2.very sad 悲慘的；憂傷的 literary formal
a woeful face 憂傷的面孔
woeful tales of broken romances 破裂愛情的悲慘故事
Derivative: woefully adverb /-fəli/ DJ /-fəlɪ/ KK
英文字典
woe·ful
1.Characterized by, expressive of, or causing sorrow or misery
2.Very bad; deplorable
同義字
adjective: woesome, sad, sorrowful, rueful, miserable, lamentable, doleful, unhappy, mournful, wretched, sorry, grievous, dolorous, pitiable, deplorable
cryptic /ˈkrɪptɪk/ DJ /'krɪptɪk/ KK
1.with a meaning that is hidden or not easily understood 含義隱晦的；晦澀難懂的 adjective
a cryptic message/remark/smile 令人困惑的信息╱話語╱微笑
a cryptic crossword clue 撲朔迷離的縱橫字謎線索
Derivative: cryptically adverb /-kli/ DJ /-klɪ/ KK
‘Yes and no,’ she replied cryptically. “又是又不是。”她回答得很隱晦。
英文字典
cryp·tic
1.Having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure
2.(of a crossword) Having difficult clues that indicate the solutions indirectly
3.(of coloration or markings) Serving to camouflage an animal in its natural environment
同義字
adjective: occult, secret, enigmatic, mysterious, hidden, privy, mystic
orphan /ˈɔːfn/ DJ /ˈɔːrfn/ DJ US /'ɔrfən/ KK US
noun
1.a child whose parents are dead 孤兒
He was an orphan and lived with his uncle. 他是個孤兒，和他叔叔一起生活。
orphan boys/girls 父母雙亡的男孩／女孩
verb
1.to make a child an orphan 使成為孤兒 VN usually passive
英文字典
or·phan
1.A child whose parents are dead
2.A person or thing bereft of protection, position, etc
3.The first line of a paragraph set as the last line of a page or column, considered undesirable
posit /ˈpɒzɪt/ DJ /ˈpɑːz-/ DJ US /'pɑzɪt/ KK US
1.to suggest or accept that something is true so that it can be used as the basis for an argument or discussion 假設；認定；認為…為實 verb formal
See also: postulate Synonym
英文字典
pos·it
1.Assume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument
2.Base something on the truth of (a particular assumption)
3.Put in position; place
同義字
verb: place, set, put, pose, postulate
2010年10月27日 星期三
2010年10月22日 星期五
supernumerary,
supernumerary /ˌsuːpəˈnjuːmərəri/ DJ /ˌsjuː-/ DJ /ˌsuːpərˈnuːməreri/ DJ US /ˈsupɚ'numəˈrɛrɪ/ KK US
1.more than you normally need; extra 多餘的；過剩的；額外的 adjective rare formal
英文字典
su·per·nu·mer·ar·y
1.Present in excess of the normal or requisite number, in particular
2.(of a person) Not belonging to a regular staff but engaged for extra work
3.Not wanted or needed; redundant
同義字
adjective: extra, additional, odd, superfluous, redundant
noun: extra
1.more than you normally need; extra 多餘的；過剩的；額外的 adjective rare formal
英文字典
su·per·nu·mer·ar·y
1.Present in excess of the normal or requisite number, in particular
2.(of a person) Not belonging to a regular staff but engaged for extra work
3.Not wanted or needed; redundant
同義字
adjective: extra, additional, odd, superfluous, redundant
noun: extra
2010年10月21日 星期四
My thought
Human being is born to be endowed with making decision.
Once time fly, we are not given right to take back your time.
Once time fly, we are not given right to take back your time.
heighten,
heighten [ˈhaitn] DJ [ˈhaɪtṇ] KK
transitive verb
Variant: heightened; heightened; heightening
1.加高,增高
heighten a wall 加高一堵牆
2.增加;提高
heighten an effect 增強效果
3.使(色彩等)更濃;使更顯著
intransitive verb
1.變高,升高
2.變強,變濃
英文字典
height·en
1.Make (something) higher
2.Make or become more intense
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
One recent study exploited the requirement for cross-presented antigens to be diverted into the cytosol to deplete cells with a heightened propensity for the crosspresentation process.
transitive verb
Variant: heightened; heightened; heightening
1.加高,增高
heighten a wall 加高一堵牆
2.增加;提高
heighten an effect 增強效果
3.使(色彩等)更濃;使更顯著
intransitive verb
1.變高,升高
2.變強,變濃
英文字典
height·en
1.Make (something) higher
2.Make or become more intense
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
One recent study exploited the requirement for cross-presented antigens to be diverted into the cytosol to deplete cells with a heightened propensity for the crosspresentation process.
superior, attribute, exemplify, exploit, divert,propensity
superior /suːˈpɪəriə(r)/ DJ /sjuː-/ DJ /suːˈpɪr-/ DJ US /su'pɪrɪɚ/ KK US
adjective
1.better in quality than somebody/something else; greater than somebody/something else （在品質上）更好的；佔優勢；更勝一籌 ~ (to sb/sth)
vastly superior 強得多
superior intelligence/strength/knowledge 更強的智力╱力量；更豐富的知識
This model is technically superior to its competitors. 這一款式在技術上超過了與之競爭的產品。
Liverpool were clearly the superior team. 利物浦隊明顯更勝一籌。
The enemy won because of their superior numbers. 敵人由於兵力佔優勢取得了勝利。
See also: inferior Antonym
2.higher in rank, importance or position （在級別、重要性或職位上）更高的 ~ (to sb)
my superior officer 我的上級軍官
to have superior status 擁有更高的地位
a superior court of law 上級法院
See also: inferior Antonym
3.showing by your behaviour that you think you are better than others 有優越感的；高傲的 disapproving
a superior air/manner/smile 神氣活現的樣子╱態度╱微笑
He always looks so superior. 他總是顯得那麼有優越感。
4.of very good quality; better than other similar things 質量卓越的；出類拔萃的；超群的
superior apartments/wines 質量卓越的套房╱葡萄酒
noun
1.a person of higher rank, status or position 級別（或地位、職位）更高的人；上級；上司
your social superiors 社會地位比自己高的人
He's my immediate superior(= the person directly above me). 他是我的頂頭上司。
I'm going to complain to your superiors. 我要去找你的上級投訴。
See also: inferior Antonym
2.used in titles for the head of a religious community （用作宗教團體領導的頭銜）
英文字典
su·pe·ri·or
1.A person or thing superior to another in rank, status, or quality, esp. a colleague in a higher position
2.The head of a monastery or other religious institution
3.A superior letter, figure, or symbol
attribute
verb
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/ DJ /ə'trɪbjut/ KK
1.to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing 把…歸因於；認為…是由於 ~ sth to sth VN
She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. 她認為她的成功來自勤勞和一點運氣。
2.to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something 認為是…所為（或說、寫、作） ~ sth (to sb) VN
The committee refused to attribute blame without further information. 如果沒有進一步的情況，委員會拒絕歸罪於任何人。
This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare. 人們通常認為這齣戲劇是莎士比亞所寫。
Derivative: attribution noun, uncountable /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/ DJ /ˈætrə'bjuʃən/ KK
The attribution of this painting to Rembrandt has never been questioned. 這幅畫是倫勃朗所作從未有人懷疑。
noun
/ˈætrɪbjuːt/ DJ /'ætrəˈbjut/ KK
1.a quality or feature of somebody/something 屬性；性質；特徵
英文字典
at·trib·ute
1.Regard something as being caused by (someone or something)
2.Ascribe a work or remark to (a particular author, artist, or speaker)
3.Regard a quality or feature as characteristic of or possessed by (someone or something)
同義字
verb: ascribe, impute, accredit, refer, credit, attach
noun: quality, property, characteristic, trait, feature, character, attributive
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
The superior cross-presentation activity attributed to DCs relative to other cell-types, such as macrophages and neutrophils, has been attributed to the fact that antigens are generally internalized into phagosomes with an oxidative environment and a nearly neutral pH, which permits only low levels of proteolytic activity.
exemplify /ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/ DJ /ɪg'zɛmpləˈfaɪ/ KK
verb
Irregular: exemplifies; exemplifying; exemplified; exemplified
1.to be a typical example of something 是…的典型（或典範、榜樣） VN often passive formal
Her early work is exemplified in her book, ‘A Study of Children's Minds’. 她的《兒童思維研究》一書是她早期的代表作。
His food exemplifies Italian cooking at its best. 他的菜肴代表了意大利烹飪的最高峰。
2.to give an example in order to make something clearer 舉例說明；例證；例示 VN often passive formal
She exemplified each of the points she was making with an amusing anecdote. 她的每一個論點都用一個佚聞趣事來說明。
Derivative: exemplification noun, uncountable, countable /ɪɡˌzemplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ DJ /ɪgˈzɛmpləfə'keʃən/ KK
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
In fact, as noted in an earlier section, there is heterogeneity in cross-presenting function among DC subsets, which is exemplified by the CD8a+ subset of splenic DCs in mice. The superior crosspresentation by CD8a+ DCs is not a function of increased Ag uptake but is more likely to be caused by differences in antigen processing.
exploit
verb
/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ DJ /ɪk'splɔɪt/ KK
1.to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself 利用（…為自己謀利） disapproving VN
He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父親的名聲為自己找到一份工作。
She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited. 她意識到自己的年輕和缺乏經驗正受人利用。
2.to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return 剝削；榨取 disapproving VN
What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people? 目前有什麼措施制止雇主剝削年輕人呢？
3.to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible 運用；利用；發揮 VN
She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. 她在劇中把她那個角色的幽默發揮得淋漓盡致。
4.to develop or use something for business or industry 開發；開採；開拓 ~ sth (for sth) VN
countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood 為獲取硬木而開發熱帶雨林的國家
No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica. 南極洲的礦藏還未開採。
Derivative: exploiter noun, countable
noun
/ˈeksplɔɪt/ DJ /'ɛksplɔɪt/ KK
1.a brave, exciting or interesting act 英勇（或激動人心、引人注目）的行為 usually plural
同義字
verb: use, utilize, operate, milk
noun: feat, deed, achievement
divert /daɪˈvɜːt/ DJ /-ˈvɜːrt/ DJ US /daɪ'vɝt/ KK US
verb
1.to make somebody/something change direction 使轉向；使繞道；轉移 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
Northbound traffic will have to be diverted onto minor roads. 北行車輛將不得不繞次要道路行駛。
2.to use money, materials, etc. for a different purpose from their original purpose 改變（資金、材料等）的用途 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
3.to take somebody's thoughts or attention away from something 轉移（某人）的注意力；使分心 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
See also: distract Synonym
The war diverted people's attention away from the economic situation. 戰爭把民眾的注意力從經濟狀況上移開了。
4.to entertain people 娛樂；供消遣 formal VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
di·vert
1.Cause (someone or something) to change course or turn from one direction to another
2.(of a vehicle or person) Change course
3.Reallocate (something, esp. money or resources) to a different purpose
propensity /prəˈpensəti/ DJ /prə'pɛnsətɪ/ KK
1.a tendency to a particular kind of behaviour （行為方面的）傾向；習性 noun ~ (for sth) ~ (for doing sth) ~ (to do sth) formal
He showed a propensity for violence. 他表現出暴力傾向。
She has a propensity to exaggerate. 她愛言過其實。
Irregular: -ies plural
pro·pen·si·ty
1.An inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way
同義字
noun: inclination, tendency, leaning, proclivity, bent, penchant, bias, disposition, liking, taste, predisposition
adjective
1.better in quality than somebody/something else; greater than somebody/something else （在品質上）更好的；佔優勢；更勝一籌 ~ (to sb/sth)
vastly superior 強得多
superior intelligence/strength/knowledge 更強的智力╱力量；更豐富的知識
This model is technically superior to its competitors. 這一款式在技術上超過了與之競爭的產品。
Liverpool were clearly the superior team. 利物浦隊明顯更勝一籌。
The enemy won because of their superior numbers. 敵人由於兵力佔優勢取得了勝利。
See also: inferior Antonym
2.higher in rank, importance or position （在級別、重要性或職位上）更高的 ~ (to sb)
my superior officer 我的上級軍官
to have superior status 擁有更高的地位
a superior court of law 上級法院
See also: inferior Antonym
3.showing by your behaviour that you think you are better than others 有優越感的；高傲的 disapproving
a superior air/manner/smile 神氣活現的樣子╱態度╱微笑
He always looks so superior. 他總是顯得那麼有優越感。
4.of very good quality; better than other similar things 質量卓越的；出類拔萃的；超群的
superior apartments/wines 質量卓越的套房╱葡萄酒
noun
1.a person of higher rank, status or position 級別（或地位、職位）更高的人；上級；上司
your social superiors 社會地位比自己高的人
He's my immediate superior(= the person directly above me). 他是我的頂頭上司。
I'm going to complain to your superiors. 我要去找你的上級投訴。
See also: inferior Antonym
2.used in titles for the head of a religious community （用作宗教團體領導的頭銜）
英文字典
su·pe·ri·or
1.A person or thing superior to another in rank, status, or quality, esp. a colleague in a higher position
2.The head of a monastery or other religious institution
3.A superior letter, figure, or symbol
attribute
verb
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/ DJ /ə'trɪbjut/ KK
1.to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing 把…歸因於；認為…是由於 ~ sth to sth VN
She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. 她認為她的成功來自勤勞和一點運氣。
2.to say or believe that somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying, writing or painting something 認為是…所為（或說、寫、作） ~ sth (to sb) VN
The committee refused to attribute blame without further information. 如果沒有進一步的情況，委員會拒絕歸罪於任何人。
This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare. 人們通常認為這齣戲劇是莎士比亞所寫。
Derivative: attribution noun, uncountable /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/ DJ /ˈætrə'bjuʃən/ KK
The attribution of this painting to Rembrandt has never been questioned. 這幅畫是倫勃朗所作從未有人懷疑。
noun
/ˈætrɪbjuːt/ DJ /'ætrəˈbjut/ KK
1.a quality or feature of somebody/something 屬性；性質；特徵
英文字典
at·trib·ute
1.Regard something as being caused by (someone or something)
2.Ascribe a work or remark to (a particular author, artist, or speaker)
3.Regard a quality or feature as characteristic of or possessed by (someone or something)
同義字
verb: ascribe, impute, accredit, refer, credit, attach
noun: quality, property, characteristic, trait, feature, character, attributive
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
The superior cross-presentation activity attributed to DCs relative to other cell-types, such as macrophages and neutrophils, has been attributed to the fact that antigens are generally internalized into phagosomes with an oxidative environment and a nearly neutral pH, which permits only low levels of proteolytic activity.
exemplify /ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/ DJ /ɪg'zɛmpləˈfaɪ/ KK
verb
Irregular: exemplifies; exemplifying; exemplified; exemplified
1.to be a typical example of something 是…的典型（或典範、榜樣） VN often passive formal
Her early work is exemplified in her book, ‘A Study of Children's Minds’. 她的《兒童思維研究》一書是她早期的代表作。
His food exemplifies Italian cooking at its best. 他的菜肴代表了意大利烹飪的最高峰。
2.to give an example in order to make something clearer 舉例說明；例證；例示 VN often passive formal
She exemplified each of the points she was making with an amusing anecdote. 她的每一個論點都用一個佚聞趣事來說明。
Derivative: exemplification noun, uncountable, countable /ɪɡˌzemplɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ DJ /ɪgˈzɛmpləfə'keʃən/ KK
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
In fact, as noted in an earlier section, there is heterogeneity in cross-presenting function among DC subsets, which is exemplified by the CD8a+ subset of splenic DCs in mice. The superior crosspresentation by CD8a+ DCs is not a function of increased Ag uptake but is more likely to be caused by differences in antigen processing.
exploit
verb
/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ DJ /ɪk'splɔɪt/ KK
1.to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself 利用（…為自己謀利） disapproving VN
He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父親的名聲為自己找到一份工作。
She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited. 她意識到自己的年輕和缺乏經驗正受人利用。
2.to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return 剝削；榨取 disapproving VN
What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people? 目前有什麼措施制止雇主剝削年輕人呢？
3.to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible 運用；利用；發揮 VN
She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. 她在劇中把她那個角色的幽默發揮得淋漓盡致。
4.to develop or use something for business or industry 開發；開採；開拓 ~ sth (for sth) VN
countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood 為獲取硬木而開發熱帶雨林的國家
No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica. 南極洲的礦藏還未開採。
Derivative: exploiter noun, countable
noun
/ˈeksplɔɪt/ DJ /'ɛksplɔɪt/ KK
1.a brave, exciting or interesting act 英勇（或激動人心、引人注目）的行為 usually plural
同義字
verb: use, utilize, operate, milk
noun: feat, deed, achievement
divert /daɪˈvɜːt/ DJ /-ˈvɜːrt/ DJ US /daɪ'vɝt/ KK US
verb
1.to make somebody/something change direction 使轉向；使繞道；轉移 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
Northbound traffic will have to be diverted onto minor roads. 北行車輛將不得不繞次要道路行駛。
2.to use money, materials, etc. for a different purpose from their original purpose 改變（資金、材料等）的用途 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
3.to take somebody's thoughts or attention away from something 轉移（某人）的注意力；使分心 VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
See also: distract Synonym
The war diverted people's attention away from the economic situation. 戰爭把民眾的注意力從經濟狀況上移開了。
4.to entertain people 娛樂；供消遣 formal VN ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)
di·vert
1.Cause (someone or something) to change course or turn from one direction to another
2.(of a vehicle or person) Change course
3.Reallocate (something, esp. money or resources) to a different purpose
propensity /prəˈpensəti/ DJ /prə'pɛnsətɪ/ KK
1.a tendency to a particular kind of behaviour （行為方面的）傾向；習性 noun ~ (for sth) ~ (for doing sth) ~ (to do sth) formal
He showed a propensity for violence. 他表現出暴力傾向。
She has a propensity to exaggerate. 她愛言過其實。
Irregular: -ies plural
pro·pen·si·ty
1.An inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way
同義字
noun: inclination, tendency, leaning, proclivity, bent, penchant, bias, disposition, liking, taste, predisposition
de novo, in turn, by virtue of,
de novo
phrase
1.【拉】重新
英文字典
de no·vo
1.Starting from the beginning; anew
in turn
1.one after the other in a particular order 依次；輪流；逐個
The children called out their names in turn. 孩子們逐一自報姓名。
2.as a result of something in a series of events 相應地；轉而
by virtue of
phrase
1.由於;憑藉
相關詞組
by/in virtue of something
憑藉；依靠；由於；因為
同義字
adverb: with the help of, thanks
phrase
1.【拉】重新
英文字典
de no·vo
1.Starting from the beginning; anew
in turn
1.one after the other in a particular order 依次；輪流；逐個
The children called out their names in turn. 孩子們逐一自報姓名。
2.as a result of something in a series of events 相應地；轉而
by virtue of
phrase
1.由於;憑藉
相關詞組
by/in virtue of something
憑藉；依靠；由於；因為
同義字
adverb: with the help of, thanks
coin, prerequisite, requisite, precondition, premise,
coin /kɔɪn/ DJ /kɔɪn/ KK
noun
1.a small flat piece of metal used as money （一枚）硬幣；金屬貨幣 countable
a pound coin 一英鎊的硬幣
See also: money
2.money made of metal （統稱）硬幣 uncountable
notes and coin 紙幣和硬幣
See also: the other side of the coin; two sides of the same coin
verb
1.to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use 創造（新詞語） VN
The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes. 人們創造了 cardboard city 一詞，用來指居住在紙板屋棚裏無家可歸者的居住區。
2.to make coins out of metal （用金屬）鑄幣，造硬幣 VN
Idiom: be coining it (in) British English, informal; be coining money British English, informal
1.to earn a lot of money quickly or easily 暴富；賺大錢；發大財
See also: rake in Synonym
Idiom: to coin a phrase
1.used to show that you are aware that you are using an expression that is not new 套用一句老話；用老話來說
Oh well, no news is good news, to coin a phrase. 噢，常言道，沒有消息就是好消息。
2.used to introduce a well-known expression that you have changed slightly in order to be funny （引出為逗趣而稍加改動的名言）
coin
1.Make (coins) by stamping metal
2.Make (metal) into coins
3.Invent or devise (a new word or phrase)
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Bevan coined the term “cross-priming” to describe the process he observed, and the term cross-presentation has since been adopted to describe this pathway of antigen presentation.
prerequisite /ˌpriːˈrekwəzɪt/ DJ /pri'rɛkwəzɪt/ KK
1.something that must exist or happen before something else can happen or be done 先決條件；前提；必備條件 noun usually singular ~ (for/of/to sth) formal
See also: precondition Synonym
A degree is an essential prerequisite for employment at this level. 學位是做這級工作必備的先決條件。
See also: requisite
Derivative: prerequisite adjective, only before noun
prerequisite knowledge/skills 必備的知識／技能
英文字典
pre·req·ui·site
1.A thing that is required as a prior condition for something else to happen or exist
同義字
adjective: necessary, needful
noun: precondition, premise
requisite /ˈrekwɪzɪt/ DJ /'rɛkwəzɪt/ KK
adjective
1.necessary for a particular purpose 必需的；必備的；必不可少的 only before noun formal
She lacks the requisite experience for the job. 她缺少做這份工作所必需的經驗。
They were not able to start the meeting until the requisite number of members were present. 出席會議的人要達到規定的人數，他們才可以開會。
noun
1.something that you need for a particular purpose 必需的事物 ~ (for/of sth) formal
toilet requisites(= soap,toothpaste, etc.) 洗漱用品
A university degree has become a requisite for entry into most professions. 大學學位已經成為在大多數行業謀職的必要條件。
See also: prerequisite
英文字典
req·ui·site
1.A thing that is necessary for the achievement of a specified end
同義字
adjective: necessary, needful, required, indispensable, essential, imperative
noun: requirement, need, want, necessity
precondition /ˌpriːkənˈdɪʃn/ DJ /ˈprikən'dɪʃən/ KK
1.something that must happen or exist before something else can exist or be done 先決條件；前提 noun ~ (for/of sth) written
See also: prerequisite Synonym
同義字
noun: prerequisite, premise
premise /ˈpremɪs/ DJ /'prɛmɪs/ KK
1.a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument 前提；假定 noun formal
the basic premise of her argument 她的論證的基本前提
a false premise 錯誤的前提
His reasoning is based on the premise that all people are equally capable of good and evil. 他的推理是以人可以為善亦可以為惡為前提的。
Variant: premiss British English, less frequent
prem·ise
1.A previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion
2.An assertion or proposition which forms the basis for a work or theory
相關詞組
major premise
大前提
minor premise
小前提
同義字
noun: prerequisite
noun
1.a small flat piece of metal used as money （一枚）硬幣；金屬貨幣 countable
a pound coin 一英鎊的硬幣
See also: money
2.money made of metal （統稱）硬幣 uncountable
notes and coin 紙幣和硬幣
See also: the other side of the coin; two sides of the same coin
verb
1.to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use 創造（新詞語） VN
The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes. 人們創造了 cardboard city 一詞，用來指居住在紙板屋棚裏無家可歸者的居住區。
2.to make coins out of metal （用金屬）鑄幣，造硬幣 VN
Idiom: be coining it (in) British English, informal; be coining money British English, informal
1.to earn a lot of money quickly or easily 暴富；賺大錢；發大財
See also: rake in Synonym
Idiom: to coin a phrase
1.used to show that you are aware that you are using an expression that is not new 套用一句老話；用老話來說
Oh well, no news is good news, to coin a phrase. 噢，常言道，沒有消息就是好消息。
2.used to introduce a well-known expression that you have changed slightly in order to be funny （引出為逗趣而稍加改動的名言）
coin
1.Make (coins) by stamping metal
2.Make (metal) into coins
3.Invent or devise (a new word or phrase)
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Bevan coined the term “cross-priming” to describe the process he observed, and the term cross-presentation has since been adopted to describe this pathway of antigen presentation.
prerequisite /ˌpriːˈrekwəzɪt/ DJ /pri'rɛkwəzɪt/ KK
1.something that must exist or happen before something else can happen or be done 先決條件；前提；必備條件 noun usually singular ~ (for/of/to sth) formal
See also: precondition Synonym
A degree is an essential prerequisite for employment at this level. 學位是做這級工作必備的先決條件。
See also: requisite
Derivative: prerequisite adjective, only before noun
prerequisite knowledge/skills 必備的知識／技能
英文字典
pre·req·ui·site
1.A thing that is required as a prior condition for something else to happen or exist
同義字
adjective: necessary, needful
noun: precondition, premise
requisite /ˈrekwɪzɪt/ DJ /'rɛkwəzɪt/ KK
adjective
1.necessary for a particular purpose 必需的；必備的；必不可少的 only before noun formal
She lacks the requisite experience for the job. 她缺少做這份工作所必需的經驗。
They were not able to start the meeting until the requisite number of members were present. 出席會議的人要達到規定的人數，他們才可以開會。
noun
1.something that you need for a particular purpose 必需的事物 ~ (for/of sth) formal
toilet requisites(= soap,toothpaste, etc.) 洗漱用品
A university degree has become a requisite for entry into most professions. 大學學位已經成為在大多數行業謀職的必要條件。
See also: prerequisite
英文字典
req·ui·site
1.A thing that is necessary for the achievement of a specified end
同義字
adjective: necessary, needful, required, indispensable, essential, imperative
noun: requirement, need, want, necessity
precondition /ˌpriːkənˈdɪʃn/ DJ /ˈprikən'dɪʃən/ KK
1.something that must happen or exist before something else can exist or be done 先決條件；前提 noun ~ (for/of sth) written
See also: prerequisite Synonym
同義字
noun: prerequisite, premise
premise /ˈpremɪs/ DJ /'prɛmɪs/ KK
1.a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument 前提；假定 noun formal
the basic premise of her argument 她的論證的基本前提
a false premise 錯誤的前提
His reasoning is based on the premise that all people are equally capable of good and evil. 他的推理是以人可以為善亦可以為惡為前提的。
Variant: premiss British English, less frequent
prem·ise
1.A previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion
2.An assertion or proposition which forms the basis for a work or theory
相關詞組
major premise
大前提
minor premise
小前提
同義字
noun: prerequisite
2010年10月20日 星期三
endow, endow with, trim, unlikely, alignment, corollary,
endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/ DJ /ɪn'dau/ KK
1.to give a large sum of money to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income （向學校等機構）捐錢，捐贈，資助 verb VN
Phrasal: be endowed with something
1.to naturally have a particular feature, quality, etc. 天生賦有，生來具有（某種特性、品質等）
She was endowed with intelligence and wit. 她天資聰穎。
The stones are believed to be endowed with magical powers. 人們認為這些石頭具有魔力。
See also: well endowed
Phrasal: endow somebody/something with something
1.to believe or imagine that somebody/something has a particular quality 認為…具有某種品質
She had endowed Marcus with the qualities she wanted him to possess. 她認為馬庫斯具有她所期望的品質。
2.to give something to somebody/something 給予；賦予 formal
en·dow
1.Give or bequeath an income or property to (a person or institution)
2.Establish (a college post, annual prize, or project) by donating the funds needed to maintain it
3.Provide with a quality, ability, or asset
endow somebody/something with something
1. 認為…具有某種品質 2. 給予；賦予
同義字
verb: provide, endue, give
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
There is now accumulating evidence that DCs are endowed with a remarkable capacity for diverting acquired antigens into the MHC class I presentation pathway. This pathway, termed cross-presentation, is widely regarded to be of particular importance in generating CTL responses to tumor tissue.
ultimately /ˈʌltɪmətli/ DJ /'ʌltəmətlɪ/ KK
adverb
1.in the end; finally 最終；最後；終歸
Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself. 最終你還是得自己拿主意。
A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. 不均衡的飲食終將導致疾病。
2.at the most basic and important level 最基本地；根本上
ul·ti·mate·ly
1.Finally; in the end
2.At the most basic level
同義字
adverb: finally, eventually, in the end, lastly, at last, after all, in the long run
trim /trɪm/ DJ /trɪm/ KK
verb
1.to make something neater, smaller, better, etc., by cutting parts from it 修剪；修整 VN
to trim your hair 理髮
to trim a hedge (back) 修剪樹籬
The training budget had been trimmed by £10 000. 培訓預算削減了 1 萬英鎊。 figurative
2.to cut away unnecessary parts from something 切去，割掉，剪下，除去（不必要的部份） ~ sth (off sth) ~ sth (off/away) VN
Trim any excess fat off the meat. 把多餘的肥膘從肉上切掉。
I trimmed two centimetres off the hem of the skirt. 我把裙子的下襬剪短了兩厘米。
3.to decorate something, especially around its edges 裝飾，修飾，點綴（尤指某物的邊緣） usually passive ~ sth (with sth) VN
gloves trimmed with fur 毛皮鑲邊的手套
Idiom: trim your sails
1.to arrange the sails of a boat to suit the wind so that the boat moves faster 隨風揚帆；見風轉舵
2.to reduce your costs 減少開支；削減費用
Phrasal: trim down; trim something↔down
1.to become smaller in size; to make something smaller （使）變小；縮減
By a combination of diet and exercise he's trimmed down from 90 kilos to 70. 通過控制飲食結合運動，他的體重從 90 公斤減到了 70 公斤。
noun
1.an act of cutting a small amount off something, especially hair （尤指毛髮的）修剪 countable usually singular
How much is it for a wash and trim? 洗頭理髮要多少錢？
The hedge needs a trim. 這樹籬得修剪了。
2.material that is used to decorate clothes, furniture, cars, etc., especially along the edges, by being a different colour, etc. （衣服、傢具、汽車等的）飾物，邊飾，裝飾配件 uncountable singular
The car is available with black or red trim(= the colour of the seats). 這款汽車的座椅有黑紅兩種顏色。
a blue jacket with a white trim 鑲有白邊的藍色上衣
Idiom: in (good, etc.) trim British English, informal
1.in good condition or order 狀態良好；健康極佳；井然有序
He keeps in trim by running every day. 他每天跑步保持身體健康。
The team need to get in trim for the coming season. 這個球隊需要為下個賽季做好準備。
adjective
1.of a person 人 looking thin, healthy and attractive 苗條的；修長的；健康優雅的
She has kept very trim. 她的身體保持得很苗條。
a trim figure 修長的身材
unlikely /ʌnˈlaɪkli/ DJ /ʌn'laɪklɪ/ KK
adjective
Irregular: unlikelier; unlikeliest
1.not likely to happen; not probable 不大可能發生的 ~ (to do sth) ~ (that…)
The project seemed unlikely to succeed. 這個項目似乎難以成功。
It's most(= very)unlikely that she'll arrive before seven. 她極不可能在七點前到達。
In the unlikely event of a problem arising, please contact the hotel manager. 萬一出現問題，請找旅館經理。
2.not the person, thing or place that you would normally think of or expect 非心目中的；非想像的 only before noun
He seems a most unlikely candidate for the job. 他似乎是最不適合擔任這項工作的人選。
They have built hotels in the most unlikely places. 他們把旅館建在最冷門的地方。
3.difficult to believe 難以相信的；不能信服的 only before noun
She gave me an unlikely explanation for her behaviour. 她對自己行為的解釋很難令我信服。
See also: likely Antonym
Derivative: unlikelihood noun, uncountable /ʌnˈlaɪklihʊd/ DJ /ʌn'laɪklɪˈhud/ KK
Derivative: unlikeliness /-nəs/ DJ /-nəs/ KK
2.neat and well cared for 整齊的；精心照管的；井然有序的
alignment /əˈlaɪnmənt/ DJ /ə'laɪnmənt/ KK
noun
1.arrangement in a straight line 排成直線 uncountable countable
the alignment of the sun, moon and earth at a particular time 太陽、月球和地球在某一時刻的三點一線
A bone in my spine was out of alignment. 我的脊椎骨有一節脫位。
2.political support given to one country or group by another （國家、團體間的）結盟 uncountable countable
corollary /kəˈrɒləri/ DJ /ˈkɔːrəleri/ DJ US /'kɔrəˈlɛrɪ/ KK US /ˈkɑːr-/ DJ US /'kɑr-/ KK US
1.a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one 必然的結果（或結論） noun ~ (of/to sth) formal technical
Irregular: -ies plural
cor·ol·lar·y
1.A proposition that follows from (and is often appended to) one already proved
2.A direct or natural consequence or result
同義字
noun: consequence, conclusion, inference
1.to give a large sum of money to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income （向學校等機構）捐錢，捐贈，資助 verb VN
Phrasal: be endowed with something
1.to naturally have a particular feature, quality, etc. 天生賦有，生來具有（某種特性、品質等）
She was endowed with intelligence and wit. 她天資聰穎。
The stones are believed to be endowed with magical powers. 人們認為這些石頭具有魔力。
See also: well endowed
Phrasal: endow somebody/something with something
1.to believe or imagine that somebody/something has a particular quality 認為…具有某種品質
She had endowed Marcus with the qualities she wanted him to possess. 她認為馬庫斯具有她所期望的品質。
2.to give something to somebody/something 給予；賦予 formal
en·dow
1.Give or bequeath an income or property to (a person or institution)
2.Establish (a college post, annual prize, or project) by donating the funds needed to maintain it
3.Provide with a quality, ability, or asset
endow somebody/something with something
1. 認為…具有某種品質 2. 給予；賦予
同義字
verb: provide, endue, give
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
There is now accumulating evidence that DCs are endowed with a remarkable capacity for diverting acquired antigens into the MHC class I presentation pathway. This pathway, termed cross-presentation, is widely regarded to be of particular importance in generating CTL responses to tumor tissue.
ultimately /ˈʌltɪmətli/ DJ /'ʌltəmətlɪ/ KK
adverb
1.in the end; finally 最終；最後；終歸
Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself. 最終你還是得自己拿主意。
A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness. 不均衡的飲食終將導致疾病。
2.at the most basic and important level 最基本地；根本上
ul·ti·mate·ly
1.Finally; in the end
2.At the most basic level
同義字
adverb: finally, eventually, in the end, lastly, at last, after all, in the long run
trim /trɪm/ DJ /trɪm/ KK
verb
1.to make something neater, smaller, better, etc., by cutting parts from it 修剪；修整 VN
to trim your hair 理髮
to trim a hedge (back) 修剪樹籬
The training budget had been trimmed by £10 000. 培訓預算削減了 1 萬英鎊。 figurative
2.to cut away unnecessary parts from something 切去，割掉，剪下，除去（不必要的部份） ~ sth (off sth) ~ sth (off/away) VN
Trim any excess fat off the meat. 把多餘的肥膘從肉上切掉。
I trimmed two centimetres off the hem of the skirt. 我把裙子的下襬剪短了兩厘米。
3.to decorate something, especially around its edges 裝飾，修飾，點綴（尤指某物的邊緣） usually passive ~ sth (with sth) VN
gloves trimmed with fur 毛皮鑲邊的手套
Idiom: trim your sails
1.to arrange the sails of a boat to suit the wind so that the boat moves faster 隨風揚帆；見風轉舵
2.to reduce your costs 減少開支；削減費用
Phrasal: trim down; trim something↔down
1.to become smaller in size; to make something smaller （使）變小；縮減
By a combination of diet and exercise he's trimmed down from 90 kilos to 70. 通過控制飲食結合運動，他的體重從 90 公斤減到了 70 公斤。
noun
1.an act of cutting a small amount off something, especially hair （尤指毛髮的）修剪 countable usually singular
How much is it for a wash and trim? 洗頭理髮要多少錢？
The hedge needs a trim. 這樹籬得修剪了。
2.material that is used to decorate clothes, furniture, cars, etc., especially along the edges, by being a different colour, etc. （衣服、傢具、汽車等的）飾物，邊飾，裝飾配件 uncountable singular
The car is available with black or red trim(= the colour of the seats). 這款汽車的座椅有黑紅兩種顏色。
a blue jacket with a white trim 鑲有白邊的藍色上衣
Idiom: in (good, etc.) trim British English, informal
1.in good condition or order 狀態良好；健康極佳；井然有序
He keeps in trim by running every day. 他每天跑步保持身體健康。
The team need to get in trim for the coming season. 這個球隊需要為下個賽季做好準備。
adjective
1.of a person 人 looking thin, healthy and attractive 苗條的；修長的；健康優雅的
She has kept very trim. 她的身體保持得很苗條。
a trim figure 修長的身材
unlikely /ʌnˈlaɪkli/ DJ /ʌn'laɪklɪ/ KK
adjective
Irregular: unlikelier; unlikeliest
1.not likely to happen; not probable 不大可能發生的 ~ (to do sth) ~ (that…)
The project seemed unlikely to succeed. 這個項目似乎難以成功。
It's most(= very)unlikely that she'll arrive before seven. 她極不可能在七點前到達。
In the unlikely event of a problem arising, please contact the hotel manager. 萬一出現問題，請找旅館經理。
2.not the person, thing or place that you would normally think of or expect 非心目中的；非想像的 only before noun
He seems a most unlikely candidate for the job. 他似乎是最不適合擔任這項工作的人選。
They have built hotels in the most unlikely places. 他們把旅館建在最冷門的地方。
3.difficult to believe 難以相信的；不能信服的 only before noun
She gave me an unlikely explanation for her behaviour. 她對自己行為的解釋很難令我信服。
See also: likely Antonym
Derivative: unlikelihood noun, uncountable /ʌnˈlaɪklihʊd/ DJ /ʌn'laɪklɪˈhud/ KK
Derivative: unlikeliness /-nəs/ DJ /-nəs/ KK
2.neat and well cared for 整齊的；精心照管的；井然有序的
alignment /əˈlaɪnmənt/ DJ /ə'laɪnmənt/ KK
noun
1.arrangement in a straight line 排成直線 uncountable countable
the alignment of the sun, moon and earth at a particular time 太陽、月球和地球在某一時刻的三點一線
A bone in my spine was out of alignment. 我的脊椎骨有一節脫位。
2.political support given to one country or group by another （國家、團體間的）結盟 uncountable countable
corollary /kəˈrɒləri/ DJ /ˈkɔːrəleri/ DJ US /'kɔrəˈlɛrɪ/ KK US /ˈkɑːr-/ DJ US /'kɑr-/ KK US
1.a situation, an argument or a fact that is the natural and direct result of another one 必然的結果（或結論） noun ~ (of/to sth) formal technical
Irregular: -ies plural
cor·ol·lar·y
1.A proposition that follows from (and is often appended to) one already proved
2.A direct or natural consequence or result
同義字
noun: consequence, conclusion, inference
nevertheles, inability, fashion, in (a) fashion, idiom, problematic,
nevertheless /ˌnevəðəˈles/ DJ /-vərðə-/ DJ US /ˈnɛvɚðə'lɛs/ KK US
1.in spite of something that you have just mentioned 儘管如此；不過；然而
nev·er·the·less
1.In spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Necrosis, on the other hand, is characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane as a result of swelling of the cytoplasm (oncosis). This leads to the release of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, HSPs, and high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1, all factors that favor DC activation and therefore provide an environment in which antitumor T cell responses can be activated. Nevertheless, the difference in immunological outcome attributed to apoptotic versus necrotic cell death may be less clear-cut.
inability /ˌɪnəˈbɪləti/ DJ /ˈɪnə'bɪlətɪ/ KK
1.the fact of not being able to do something 無能；無力；不能 noun uncountable singular ~ (to do sth)
the government's inability to provide basic services 政府在提供基本服務方面的無能
Some families go without medical treatment because of their inability to pay. 有些家庭因無力支付醫療費用而得不到醫治。
See also: ability Antonym
in·a·bil·i·ty
1.The state of being unable to do something
同義字
noun: incapability, incapacity, disability, incompetence, inaptitude, inefficiency, impotence, unfitness, impotency
fashion /ˈfæʃn/ DJ /'fæʃən/ KK
noun
1.a popular style of clothes, hair, etc. at a particular time or place; the state of being popular （衣服、髮式等的）流行款式，時興式樣 uncountable countable
dressed in the latest fashion 穿着入時
the new season's fashions 新季度的流行款式
Long skirts have come into fashion again. 長裙又時興起來了。
Jeans are still in fashion. 牛仔褲仍然流行。
Some styles never go out of fashion. 有些款式永遠不會過時。
2.a popular way of behaving, doing an activity, etc. （行為、活動等的）時尚，時興 countable
The fashion at the time was for teaching mainly the written language. 那時教學時興的主要是書面語。
Fashions in art and literature come and go. 文藝的潮流總是曇花一現。
3.the business of making or selling clothes in new and different styles 時裝業 uncountable
a fashion designer/magazine/show 時裝設計師／雜誌／表演
the world of fashion 時裝界
the fashion industry 時裝業
Idiom: after a fashion
1.to some extent, but not very well 還過得去；還算可以
I can play the piano, after a fashion. 我能彈鋼琴，不過馬馬虎虎。
Idiom: after the fashion of somebody/something formal
1.in the style of somebody/something 模仿…的式樣；像…的風格
The new library is very much after the fashion of Nash. 這座新圖書館很像納什的風格。
Idiom: in (a)… fashion formal
1.in a particular way 以…方式
How could they behave in such a fashion? 他們的態度怎麼會這樣呢？
She was proved right, in dramatic fashion, when the whole department resigned. 整個部門的人都辭了職，這惹人注目的事證明她是對的。
Idiom: like it's going out of fashion spoken
1.used to emphasize that somebody is doing something or using something a lot 做得很多；大量使用；大肆花費
She's been spending money like it's going out of fashion. 她花錢一直大手大腳。
See also: parrot-fashion
verb
1.to make or shape something, especially with your hands （尤指用手工）製作，使成形，塑造 VN ~ A (from/out of B) ~ B (into A)
ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Also, blocking the interaction between DCs and phophatidylserine in vitro and in vivo using a dominant negative form of MFGE8 was shown to enhance protective immunity of a GM-CSF-expressing cancer cell vaccine in mice. In a similar fashion, blocking Mer, the receptor mediating phophatidylserine binding through the bridging molecules Gas6 or protein S, abolished the suppressive effect of apoptotic cells and enhanced diabetes in a mouse model.
idiom /ˈɪdiəm/ DJ /'ɪdɪəm/ KK
noun
1.a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words 習語；成語；慣用語 countable
‘Let the cat out of the bag’ is an idiom meaning to tell a secret by mistake. “讓貓從袋子裏跑出來”是慣用語，意思是無意中泄露秘密。
2.the kind of language and grammar used by particular people at a particular time or place （某時期或某地區的人的）語言和語法 uncountable countable formal
3.the style of writing, music, art, etc. that is typical of a particular person, group, period or place （寫作、音樂、藝術等的）典型風格 uncountable countable formal
resemble /rɪˈzembl/ DJ /rɪ'zɛmbḷ/ KK
1.to look like or be similar to another person or thing 看起來像；顯得像；像 verb VN no passive
re·sem·ble
1.Have qualities or features, esp. those of appearance, in common with (someone or something); look or seem like
同義字
verb: take after, look like, be like
problematic /ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk/ DJ /ˌprɑːb-/ DJ US /ˈprɑblə'mætɪk/ KK US
1.difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful 造成困難的；產生問題的 adjective
Providing the necessary care for elderly people can be problematic. 給老年人必要的照顧可能是很麻煩的事。
See also: unproblematic Antonym
Variant: problematical less frequent /-ɪkl/ DJ /-ɪkḷ/ KK
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Presentation of acquired antigens on MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells is more problematic, because the classical MHC class I presentation pathway has been regarded as a means to present only antigens expressed within the cell, rather than those acquired from an exogenous source.
1.in spite of something that you have just mentioned 儘管如此；不過；然而
nev·er·the·less
1.In spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Necrosis, on the other hand, is characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane as a result of swelling of the cytoplasm (oncosis). This leads to the release of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, HSPs, and high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1, all factors that favor DC activation and therefore provide an environment in which antitumor T cell responses can be activated. Nevertheless, the difference in immunological outcome attributed to apoptotic versus necrotic cell death may be less clear-cut.
inability /ˌɪnəˈbɪləti/ DJ /ˈɪnə'bɪlətɪ/ KK
1.the fact of not being able to do something 無能；無力；不能 noun uncountable singular ~ (to do sth)
the government's inability to provide basic services 政府在提供基本服務方面的無能
Some families go without medical treatment because of their inability to pay. 有些家庭因無力支付醫療費用而得不到醫治。
See also: ability Antonym
in·a·bil·i·ty
1.The state of being unable to do something
同義字
noun: incapability, incapacity, disability, incompetence, inaptitude, inefficiency, impotence, unfitness, impotency
fashion /ˈfæʃn/ DJ /'fæʃən/ KK
noun
1.a popular style of clothes, hair, etc. at a particular time or place; the state of being popular （衣服、髮式等的）流行款式，時興式樣 uncountable countable
dressed in the latest fashion 穿着入時
the new season's fashions 新季度的流行款式
Long skirts have come into fashion again. 長裙又時興起來了。
Jeans are still in fashion. 牛仔褲仍然流行。
Some styles never go out of fashion. 有些款式永遠不會過時。
2.a popular way of behaving, doing an activity, etc. （行為、活動等的）時尚，時興 countable
The fashion at the time was for teaching mainly the written language. 那時教學時興的主要是書面語。
Fashions in art and literature come and go. 文藝的潮流總是曇花一現。
3.the business of making or selling clothes in new and different styles 時裝業 uncountable
a fashion designer/magazine/show 時裝設計師／雜誌／表演
the world of fashion 時裝界
the fashion industry 時裝業
Idiom: after a fashion
1.to some extent, but not very well 還過得去；還算可以
I can play the piano, after a fashion. 我能彈鋼琴，不過馬馬虎虎。
Idiom: after the fashion of somebody/something formal
1.in the style of somebody/something 模仿…的式樣；像…的風格
The new library is very much after the fashion of Nash. 這座新圖書館很像納什的風格。
Idiom: in (a)… fashion formal
1.in a particular way 以…方式
How could they behave in such a fashion? 他們的態度怎麼會這樣呢？
She was proved right, in dramatic fashion, when the whole department resigned. 整個部門的人都辭了職，這惹人注目的事證明她是對的。
Idiom: like it's going out of fashion spoken
1.used to emphasize that somebody is doing something or using something a lot 做得很多；大量使用；大肆花費
She's been spending money like it's going out of fashion. 她花錢一直大手大腳。
See also: parrot-fashion
verb
1.to make or shape something, especially with your hands （尤指用手工）製作，使成形，塑造 VN ~ A (from/out of B) ~ B (into A)
ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Also, blocking the interaction between DCs and phophatidylserine in vitro and in vivo using a dominant negative form of MFGE8 was shown to enhance protective immunity of a GM-CSF-expressing cancer cell vaccine in mice. In a similar fashion, blocking Mer, the receptor mediating phophatidylserine binding through the bridging molecules Gas6 or protein S, abolished the suppressive effect of apoptotic cells and enhanced diabetes in a mouse model.
idiom /ˈɪdiəm/ DJ /'ɪdɪəm/ KK
noun
1.a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words 習語；成語；慣用語 countable
‘Let the cat out of the bag’ is an idiom meaning to tell a secret by mistake. “讓貓從袋子裏跑出來”是慣用語，意思是無意中泄露秘密。
2.the kind of language and grammar used by particular people at a particular time or place （某時期或某地區的人的）語言和語法 uncountable countable formal
3.the style of writing, music, art, etc. that is typical of a particular person, group, period or place （寫作、音樂、藝術等的）典型風格 uncountable countable formal
resemble /rɪˈzembl/ DJ /rɪ'zɛmbḷ/ KK
1.to look like or be similar to another person or thing 看起來像；顯得像；像 verb VN no passive
re·sem·ble
1.Have qualities or features, esp. those of appearance, in common with (someone or something); look or seem like
同義字
verb: take after, look like, be like
problematic /ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk/ DJ /ˌprɑːb-/ DJ US /ˈprɑblə'mætɪk/ KK US
1.difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful 造成困難的；產生問題的 adjective
Providing the necessary care for elderly people can be problematic. 給老年人必要的照顧可能是很麻煩的事。
See also: unproblematic Antonym
Variant: problematical less frequent /-ɪkl/ DJ /-ɪkḷ/ KK
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Presentation of acquired antigens on MHC class I molecules to CD8+ T cells is more problematic, because the classical MHC class I presentation pathway has been regarded as a means to present only antigens expressed within the cell, rather than those acquired from an exogenous source.
nibble, circumstance, refractory, rupture,
nibble /ˈnɪbl/ DJ /'nɪbḷ/ KK
verb
1.to take small bites of something, especially food 小口咬，一點點地咬（食物） ~ (at sth)
We sat drinking wine and nibbling olives. 我們坐在那兒，喝着葡萄酒嚼着橄欖。 VN
He nibbled her ear playfully. 他開玩笑地輕咬着她的耳朵。
She took some cake from the tray and nibbled at it. 她從盤子裏拿了塊蛋糕慢慢地吃着。 V
2.to show a slight interest in an offer, idea, etc. （對…）略微表現出興趣 V ~ (at sth)
He nibbled at the idea, but would not make a definite decision. 他對這個主意略感興趣，但還不願意作出明確決定。
Phrasal: nibble away at something
1.to take away small amounts of something, so that the total amount is gradually reduced 慢慢地削弱；蠶食
Inflation is nibbling away at spending power. 通貨膨脹正在慢慢地減弱消費能力。
noun
1.a small bite of something 一小口 countable
I took a nibble from the biscuit. 我咬了一小口餅乾。
2.small things to eat with a drink before a meal or at a party （餐前或聚會中的）點心，小吃 plural
wine and nibbles 葡萄酒和點心
Alternate: nibbles
circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ DJ /-stɑːns/ DJ /-stæns/ DJ /ˈsɜːrkəmstæns/ DJ US /'sɝkəmˈstæns/ KK US
noun
1.the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action 條件；環境；狀況 countable usually plural
The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances. 本公司保留在一定條件下取消這項協議的權利。
changing social and political circumstances 正在變化的社會和政治環境
I know I can trust her in any circumstance. 我知道我在任何情況下都能信任她。
Police said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the boy's death. 警方說關於男孩死亡一事沒有發現可疑的情況。
The ship sank in mysterious circumstances. 那艘船神秘地沉沒了。
She never discovered the true circumstances of her birth. 她從未弄清她身世的真相。
2.the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have 境況；境遇；（尤指）經濟狀況 plural
Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances. 補助金根據經濟狀況發給。
family/domestic/personal circumstances 家庭╱個人經濟狀況
Alternate: circumstances
3.situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control 命運；客觀環境 uncountable formal
a victim of circumstance(= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control) 客觀環境的犧牲品
He had to leave the country through force of circumstance(= events or the situation made it necessary). 為環境所逼，他不得不離開這個國家。
Idiom: in/under the circumstances
1.used before or after a statement to show that you have thought about the conditions that affect a situation before making a decision or a statement 在這種情況下；既然如此
Under the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident. 在這種情況下，不告訴他有關這次事故的情況似乎更好。
She did the job very well in the circumstances. 她在那種情況下仍把工作幹得很出色。
Idiom: in/under no circumstances
1.used to emphasize that something should never happen or be allowed 決不；無論如何不
Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 你無論如何都不能借錢給保羅。
Don't open the door, in any circumstances. 在任何情況下都不要開門。
See also: pomp and circumstance; reduced circumstances
refractory /rɪˈfræktəri/ DJ /rɪ'fræktərɪ/ KK
adjective
1.of a person 人 difficult to control; behaving badly 難以駕馭的；行為乖戾的 formal
2.of a disease or medical condition 疾病或體格狀況 difficult to treat or cure 難以診治的；難以治瘉的 medical
rupture /ˈrʌptʃə(r)/ DJ /'rʌptʃɚ/ KK
noun
1.an injury in which something inside the body breaks apart or bursts （體內組織等的）斷裂，破裂 medical countable uncountable
the rupture of a blood vessel 血管破裂
2.a situation when something breaks or bursts 斷裂；爆裂 countable uncountable
ruptures of oil and water pipelines 石油和輸水管道的爆裂
3.a hernia of the abdomen 疝氣 informal countable uncountable
I nearly gave myself a rupture lifting that pile of books. 提那一大堆書差點兒讓我得了疝氣。
4.the ending of agreement or of good relations between people, countries, etc. （關係的）破裂，決裂；絕交 formal countable uncountable
a rupture in relations between the two countries 兩國關係的破裂
Nothing could heal the rupture with his father. 沒有什麼可以彌合他和父親之間的裂痕。
verb
1.to burst or break apart something inside the body; to be broken or burst apart （使體內組織等）斷裂，裂開，破裂 medical
a ruptured appendix/spleen/artery 闌尾穿孔；脾／動脈破裂 VN
He ruptured himself(= got a hernia)trying to lift the piano. 他試着搬動鋼琴，發了疝氣。
2.to make something such as a container or a pipe break or burst; to be broken or burst （使容器或管道等）斷裂，破裂
The impact ruptured both fuel tanks. 衝撞使兩個燃料箱都爆裂了。 VN
A pipe ruptured, leaking water all over the house. 一根水管斷裂，漏了滿屋子的水。 V
3.to make an agreement or good relations between people or countries end 使（友好關係）破裂；使絕交；毀掉（協議） VN written
ex: Necrosis is charaterized by the rupture of cell membrane as a result of swelling of the cytoplasm (oncosis).
verb
1.to take small bites of something, especially food 小口咬，一點點地咬（食物） ~ (at sth)
We sat drinking wine and nibbling olives. 我們坐在那兒，喝着葡萄酒嚼着橄欖。 VN
He nibbled her ear playfully. 他開玩笑地輕咬着她的耳朵。
She took some cake from the tray and nibbled at it. 她從盤子裏拿了塊蛋糕慢慢地吃着。 V
2.to show a slight interest in an offer, idea, etc. （對…）略微表現出興趣 V ~ (at sth)
He nibbled at the idea, but would not make a definite decision. 他對這個主意略感興趣，但還不願意作出明確決定。
Phrasal: nibble away at something
1.to take away small amounts of something, so that the total amount is gradually reduced 慢慢地削弱；蠶食
Inflation is nibbling away at spending power. 通貨膨脹正在慢慢地減弱消費能力。
noun
1.a small bite of something 一小口 countable
I took a nibble from the biscuit. 我咬了一小口餅乾。
2.small things to eat with a drink before a meal or at a party （餐前或聚會中的）點心，小吃 plural
wine and nibbles 葡萄酒和點心
Alternate: nibbles
circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ DJ /-stɑːns/ DJ /-stæns/ DJ /ˈsɜːrkəmstæns/ DJ US /'sɝkəmˈstæns/ KK US
noun
1.the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action 條件；環境；狀況 countable usually plural
The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances. 本公司保留在一定條件下取消這項協議的權利。
changing social and political circumstances 正在變化的社會和政治環境
I know I can trust her in any circumstance. 我知道我在任何情況下都能信任她。
Police said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the boy's death. 警方說關於男孩死亡一事沒有發現可疑的情況。
The ship sank in mysterious circumstances. 那艘船神秘地沉沒了。
She never discovered the true circumstances of her birth. 她從未弄清她身世的真相。
2.the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have 境況；境遇；（尤指）經濟狀況 plural
Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances. 補助金根據經濟狀況發給。
family/domestic/personal circumstances 家庭╱個人經濟狀況
Alternate: circumstances
3.situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control 命運；客觀環境 uncountable formal
a victim of circumstance(= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control) 客觀環境的犧牲品
He had to leave the country through force of circumstance(= events or the situation made it necessary). 為環境所逼，他不得不離開這個國家。
Idiom: in/under the circumstances
1.used before or after a statement to show that you have thought about the conditions that affect a situation before making a decision or a statement 在這種情況下；既然如此
Under the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident. 在這種情況下，不告訴他有關這次事故的情況似乎更好。
She did the job very well in the circumstances. 她在那種情況下仍把工作幹得很出色。
Idiom: in/under no circumstances
1.used to emphasize that something should never happen or be allowed 決不；無論如何不
Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 你無論如何都不能借錢給保羅。
Don't open the door, in any circumstances. 在任何情況下都不要開門。
See also: pomp and circumstance; reduced circumstances
refractory /rɪˈfræktəri/ DJ /rɪ'fræktərɪ/ KK
adjective
1.of a person 人 difficult to control; behaving badly 難以駕馭的；行為乖戾的 formal
2.of a disease or medical condition 疾病或體格狀況 difficult to treat or cure 難以診治的；難以治瘉的 medical
rupture /ˈrʌptʃə(r)/ DJ /'rʌptʃɚ/ KK
noun
1.an injury in which something inside the body breaks apart or bursts （體內組織等的）斷裂，破裂 medical countable uncountable
the rupture of a blood vessel 血管破裂
2.a situation when something breaks or bursts 斷裂；爆裂 countable uncountable
ruptures of oil and water pipelines 石油和輸水管道的爆裂
3.a hernia of the abdomen 疝氣 informal countable uncountable
I nearly gave myself a rupture lifting that pile of books. 提那一大堆書差點兒讓我得了疝氣。
4.the ending of agreement or of good relations between people, countries, etc. （關係的）破裂，決裂；絕交 formal countable uncountable
a rupture in relations between the two countries 兩國關係的破裂
Nothing could heal the rupture with his father. 沒有什麼可以彌合他和父親之間的裂痕。
verb
1.to burst or break apart something inside the body; to be broken or burst apart （使體內組織等）斷裂，裂開，破裂 medical
a ruptured appendix/spleen/artery 闌尾穿孔；脾／動脈破裂 VN
He ruptured himself(= got a hernia)trying to lift the piano. 他試着搬動鋼琴，發了疝氣。
2.to make something such as a container or a pipe break or burst; to be broken or burst （使容器或管道等）斷裂，破裂
The impact ruptured both fuel tanks. 衝撞使兩個燃料箱都爆裂了。 VN
A pipe ruptured, leaking water all over the house. 一根水管斷裂，漏了滿屋子的水。 V
3.to make an agreement or good relations between people or countries end 使（友好關係）破裂；使絕交；毀掉（協議） VN written
ex: Necrosis is charaterized by the rupture of cell membrane as a result of swelling of the cytoplasm (oncosis).
highlight, subvert, discount,
highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ DJ /'haɪˈlaɪt/ KK
- verb
- to emphasize something, especially so that people give it more attention 突出；強調 VN
- to mark part of a text with a special coloured pen, or to mark an area on a computer screen, to emphasize it or make it easier to see 將（文本的某部份）用彩筆做標記；將（計算機屏幕的某區域）增強亮度；使醒目 VN
- to make some parts of your hair a lighter colour than the rest by using a chemical substance on them 挑染（將部份頭髮染成淺色） VN
- noun
- the best, most interesting or most exciting part of something 最好（或最精彩、最激動人心）的部份
- areas of hair that are lighter than the rest, usually because a chemical substance has been put on them 挑染的頭髮 plural
- Alternate:highlights
- the light or bright part of a picture or photograph （圖畫或照片的）強光部份 plural technical
Pick out and emphasize
Make visually prominent
Mark with a highlighter
subvert /səbˈvɜːt/ DJ /-ˈvɜːrt/ DJ US /səb'vɝt/ KK US
- verb
- to try to destroy the authority of a political, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly 顛覆；暗中破壞 VN V formal
- See also:undermine Synonym
- to try to destroy a person's beliefs or loyalties 使背叛；使變節；策反 VN formal
- See also:undermine Synonym
- Derivative:subversion noun, uncountable /səbˈvɜːʃn/ DJ /-ˈvɜːrʒn/ DJ, US /səb'vɝʒən/ KK, US
discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ DJ /'dɪskaunt/ KK
1.an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of something 折扣 countable uncountable
See also: reduction Synonym
to get/give/offer a discount 得到／給予／提供折扣
discount rates/prices 貼現率；折扣價
a 10% discount 九折
They were selling everything at a discount(= at reduced prices). 他們銷售的所有商品都打折。
a discount shop(= one that regularly sells goods at reduced prices) 打折商店
Do you give any discount? 你們打折嗎？
verb
/dɪsˈkaʊnt/ DJ /dɪs'kaunt/ KK /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ DJ, American English /'dɪskaunt/ KK, American English
1.to think or say that something is not important or not true 認為…不重要；對…不全信；低估 ~ sth (as sth) formal VN
We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes. 我們不能低估再次發生罷工的可能性。
The news reports were being discounted as propaganda. 人們認為這些新聞報道不過是為了宣傳，不可全信。
2.to take an amount of money off the usual cost of something; to sell something at a discount 打折扣；打折出售 VN
space cadet, cope with
space cadet
phrase
1.【俚】幼稚,愚昧,行為古怪的人
space ca·det
1.A trainee astronaut
2.An enthusiast for space travel, typically a young person
3.A person perceived as out of touch with reality, as though high on drugs
cope with
phrase
1.對付;處理
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Tumors are likely to contain mixtures of cells undergoing apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, which may reflect the tumor’s inability to cope with ongoing stress.
phrase
1.【俚】幼稚,愚昧,行為古怪的人
space ca·det
1.A trainee astronaut
2.An enthusiast for space travel, typically a young person
3.A person perceived as out of touch with reality, as though high on drugs
cope with
phrase
1.對付;處理
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)
Tumors are likely to contain mixtures of cells undergoing apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, which may reflect the tumor’s inability to cope with ongoing stress.
2010年10月19日 星期二
cohort, apocalypse
cohort /ˈkəʊhɔːt/ DJ /ˈkoʊhɔːrt/ DJ US /'kohɔrt/ KK US
- noun
- a group of people who share a common feature or aspect of behaviour （有共同特點或舉止類同的）一群人，一批人 technical C + sing./pl. verb
- a member of a group of people who support another person 同夥；支持者
-
- co·hort
- An ancient Roman military unit, comprising six centuries, equal to one tenth of a legion
- A group of people banded together or treated as a group
- A group of people with a common statistical characteristics
apocalypse /əˈpɒkəlɪps/ DJ /əˈpɑːk-/ DJ US /ə'pɑkəˈlɪps/ KK US
- noun
- the destruction of the world 世界毀滅 singular uncountable
- the end of the world, as described in the Bible （《聖經》所述的）末世 singular
- Alternate:the Apocalypse
-
- a situation causing very serious damage and destruction 大動亂；大災變 singular
-
unleash, leash, deadlock,
unleash /ʌnˈliːʃ/ DJ /ʌn'liʃ/ KK
to suddenly let a strong force, emotion, etc. be felt or have an effect 發泄；突然釋放；使爆發 verb
leash /liːʃ/ DJ /liʃ/ KK
- noun
- See also:lead Synonym
- See also:
- verb
- to control an animal, especially a dog, with a lead/leash 用皮帶繫住，拴住，縛住（尤指狗） VN
deadlock /ˈdedlɒk/ DJ /-lɑːk/ DJ US /'dɛdˈlɑk/ KK US
- noun
- a complete failure to reach agreement or settle a dispute 僵持；僵局；相持不下 singular uncountable
- a type of lock on a door that needs a key to open or close it 需用鑰匙開關的門鎖
Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)p351
Unleashing the full capacity of TIDCs to stimulate naive T cells may therefore require breaking the suppressive deadlock created by the tumor environment.
2010年10月18日 星期一
FDA approves Botox as migraine preventive By Tom Watkins, CNN
(CNN) -- Federal health authorities on Friday approved Botox injections for the prevention of chronic migraines in adults, an advance experts described as "modest."
In a statement, the Food and Drug Administration recommended Botox be injected approximately every three months around the head and neck to dull future headache symptoms.
The drug -- whose generic name is onabotulinumtoxinA -- has not been shown to work against migraines that occur 14 days or fewer per month, nor has it been shown to work for other forms of headache, said the statement.
Experiencing a migraine on most days "is one of the most disabling forms of headache," said Dr. Russell Katz, of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "This condition can greatly affect family, work, and social life, so it is important to have a variety of effective treatment options available."
Migraines, an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head, are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound, doctors say. Chronic migraines are defined as those that occur on 15 days or more for more than four hours per day.
The drug, made by Allergan, Inc., of Irvine, California, was approved last month in Britain for the same purpose.
The two company-funded studies submitted to the FDA involved 1,384 adults from 122 study sites in Europe and North America. They found that after six months, patients who got the drug experienced 7.8 and 9.2 fewer days of migraine than they had before the studies started. Those who got injections of placebo (sugar pill) experienced 6.4 and 6.9 fewer headache days.
Over those six months, patients on the drug experienced 107 and 134 fewer hours of headache, versus a reduction of 70 and 95 hours for those on placebo, according to the studies.
"The benefits are modest when you look at the overall results," said Dr. Elizabeth W. Loder, associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and the chief of the division of headaches in the Department of Neurology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Loder was involved in an Allergan-funded trial several years ago but has no current relationship with the company.
"But, of course, within those results, there are always patients who do much better than the average and there are patients who don't have any benefit," she said.
Still, she added, "It will provide more options for patients who currently have very few forms of treatment available to them ... when you are dealing with a problem like this, even modest improvement can mean the difference between being able to go to work and not being able to function very well."
Dr. Joel Saper, director of the Michigan Head Pain and Neurological Institute and clinical professor of neurology at Michigan State University, said he has been using the drug for that purpose for more than a decade, even though it was not approved for it.
The FDA's approval will likely mean that insurance companies will pick up the tab for it now, he said. Saper, who has also participated in Allergan-funded trials, predicted "certain subsets of people will get dramatic results."
The most common adverse reactions reported by chronic migraine patients being treated with Botox were neck pain and headache, the FDA said.
About 1 percent of patients on the drug (versus 0.3 percent of those on placebo) found that their migraines worsened so much they had to be hospitalized, but it was generally well-tolerated, the company said.
In each study, less than 2 percent of patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event.
The drug labeling warns that the effects of the botulinum toxin may spread beyond where it is injected, causing symptoms that may include life-threatening difficulties swallowing and breathing.
Botox is sold to doctors in 200-unit vials that cost $1,050, said Cyrstal Muilenburg, spokeswoman for Allergan. Last year, the drug had sales of $1.3 billion, she said.
Doctors gave administered a total of 155 units to each migraine patient in 31 injections into muscles of the head and neck, she said. The treatment was repeated at three-month intervals.
Some 3.2 million Americans are estimated to suffer from chronic migraine, though some 80 percent of them have never been diagnosed as having the disease, the company said.
The World Health Organization ranks migraine as the 19th most disabling disease. Women are three times as likely as men to suffer from migraines, which are also linked to depression and anxiety.
The drug is the same chemical entity that was approved 21 years ago for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm, two eye-muscle disorders.
Since then, regulators in some 80 countries have approved it for 21 different indications, including treatment of the abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia in adults, symptoms of severe underarm sweatingand treatment of increased muscle stiffness in elbow, wrist and finger muscles in adults with upper-limb spasticity.
Last month, Allergan settled a Justice Department investigation into its marketing practices related to uses of Botox by paying $375 million and pleading guilty to a misdemeanor misbranding charge.
The company also agreed to pay $225 million to resolve civil claims the department was asserting under the civil False Claims Act.
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/10/15/migraines.botox/index.html?npt=NP1%EF%BB%BF
dull future headache symptoms
dull /dʌl/ DJ /dʌl/ KK
adjective
Irregular: duller; dullest
1.not interesting or exciting 枯燥無味的；無聊的；令人生厭的
Life in a small town could be deadly dull. 小城鎮的生活可能會非常沒意思。
The countryside was flat, dull and uninteresting. 農村地區缺乏生氣，無聊乏味。
The first half of the game was pretty dull. 上半場比賽打得十分沉悶。
There's never a dull moment when John's around. 只要約翰在就不會有沉悶的時候。
2.not bright or shiny 不明亮的；不鮮明的；無光澤的
a dull colour/glow 暗淡的色彩；昏暗的光
dull, lifeless hair 無光澤、無彈性的頭髮
Her eyes were dull with dark shadows beneath them. 她目光呆滯，眼下有深深的黑眼圈。
3.not clear or loud 不清晰的；隱約的；低沉的
The gates shut behind him with a dull thud. 他走出後門砰的一聲悶響關上了。
4.not bright, with a lot of clouds 陰沉的；昏暗的；多雲的
It was a dull, grey day. 那是一個陰沉昏暗的日子。
5.not very severe, but continuous 隱隱約約的
a dull ache/pain 隱隱的疼痛
6.slow in understanding 遲鈍的；愚笨的
See also: stupid Synonym
a dull pupil/class/mind 反應遲鈍的學生／班級／頭腦
7.not busy; slow 蕭條的；不景氣的；呆滯的 especially American English
Don't sell into a dull market. 不要到蕭條的市場去推銷。
Derivative: dullness noun, uncountable
Derivative: dully adverb /ˈdʌlli/ DJ /'dʌllɪ/ KK
‘I suppose so,’ she said dully. “我看是這樣。”她木然說道。
His leg ached dully. 他的腿隱隱作痛。
Idiom: (as) dull as ditchwater British English
1.extremely boring 索然無味；無聊透頂
Variant: (as) dull as dishwater American English
verb
1.of pain or an emotion 疼痛或感情 to become or be made weaker or less severe 減輕；（使）變麻木
The tablets they gave him dulled the pain for a while. 他們給他的藥片暫時緩解了疼痛。 VN
2.to make a person slower or less lively 使遲鈍；使不活潑 VN written
He felt dulled and stupid with sleep. 他睡得迷迷糊糊，昏頭昏腦。
3.to become or to make something less bright, clean or sharp （使）變得無光澤，變模糊，變低沉
In a statement, the Food and Drug Administration recommended Botox be injected approximately every three months around the head and neck to dull future headache symptoms.
The drug -- whose generic name is onabotulinumtoxinA -- has not been shown to work against migraines that occur 14 days or fewer per month, nor has it been shown to work for other forms of headache, said the statement.
Experiencing a migraine on most days "is one of the most disabling forms of headache," said Dr. Russell Katz, of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "This condition can greatly affect family, work, and social life, so it is important to have a variety of effective treatment options available."
Migraines, an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head, are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound, doctors say. Chronic migraines are defined as those that occur on 15 days or more for more than four hours per day.
The drug, made by Allergan, Inc., of Irvine, California, was approved last month in Britain for the same purpose.
The two company-funded studies submitted to the FDA involved 1,384 adults from 122 study sites in Europe and North America. They found that after six months, patients who got the drug experienced 7.8 and 9.2 fewer days of migraine than they had before the studies started. Those who got injections of placebo (sugar pill) experienced 6.4 and 6.9 fewer headache days.
Over those six months, patients on the drug experienced 107 and 134 fewer hours of headache, versus a reduction of 70 and 95 hours for those on placebo, according to the studies.
"The benefits are modest when you look at the overall results," said Dr. Elizabeth W. Loder, associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and the chief of the division of headaches in the Department of Neurology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Loder was involved in an Allergan-funded trial several years ago but has no current relationship with the company.
"But, of course, within those results, there are always patients who do much better than the average and there are patients who don't have any benefit," she said.
Still, she added, "It will provide more options for patients who currently have very few forms of treatment available to them ... when you are dealing with a problem like this, even modest improvement can mean the difference between being able to go to work and not being able to function very well."
Dr. Joel Saper, director of the Michigan Head Pain and Neurological Institute and clinical professor of neurology at Michigan State University, said he has been using the drug for that purpose for more than a decade, even though it was not approved for it.
The FDA's approval will likely mean that insurance companies will pick up the tab for it now, he said. Saper, who has also participated in Allergan-funded trials, predicted "certain subsets of people will get dramatic results."
The most common adverse reactions reported by chronic migraine patients being treated with Botox were neck pain and headache, the FDA said.
About 1 percent of patients on the drug (versus 0.3 percent of those on placebo) found that their migraines worsened so much they had to be hospitalized, but it was generally well-tolerated, the company said.
In each study, less than 2 percent of patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event.
The drug labeling warns that the effects of the botulinum toxin may spread beyond where it is injected, causing symptoms that may include life-threatening difficulties swallowing and breathing.
Botox is sold to doctors in 200-unit vials that cost $1,050, said Cyrstal Muilenburg, spokeswoman for Allergan. Last year, the drug had sales of $1.3 billion, she said.
Doctors gave administered a total of 155 units to each migraine patient in 31 injections into muscles of the head and neck, she said. The treatment was repeated at three-month intervals.
Some 3.2 million Americans are estimated to suffer from chronic migraine, though some 80 percent of them have never been diagnosed as having the disease, the company said.
The World Health Organization ranks migraine as the 19th most disabling disease. Women are three times as likely as men to suffer from migraines, which are also linked to depression and anxiety.
The drug is the same chemical entity that was approved 21 years ago for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm, two eye-muscle disorders.
Since then, regulators in some 80 countries have approved it for 21 different indications, including treatment of the abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia in adults, symptoms of severe underarm sweatingand treatment of increased muscle stiffness in elbow, wrist and finger muscles in adults with upper-limb spasticity.
Last month, Allergan settled a Justice Department investigation into its marketing practices related to uses of Botox by paying $375 million and pleading guilty to a misdemeanor misbranding charge.
The company also agreed to pay $225 million to resolve civil claims the department was asserting under the civil False Claims Act.
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/10/15/migraines.botox/index.html?npt=NP1%EF%BB%BF
dull future headache symptoms
dull /dʌl/ DJ /dʌl/ KK
adjective
Irregular: duller; dullest
1.not interesting or exciting 枯燥無味的；無聊的；令人生厭的
Life in a small town could be deadly dull. 小城鎮的生活可能會非常沒意思。
The countryside was flat, dull and uninteresting. 農村地區缺乏生氣，無聊乏味。
The first half of the game was pretty dull. 上半場比賽打得十分沉悶。
There's never a dull moment when John's around. 只要約翰在就不會有沉悶的時候。
2.not bright or shiny 不明亮的；不鮮明的；無光澤的
a dull colour/glow 暗淡的色彩；昏暗的光
dull, lifeless hair 無光澤、無彈性的頭髮
Her eyes were dull with dark shadows beneath them. 她目光呆滯，眼下有深深的黑眼圈。
3.not clear or loud 不清晰的；隱約的；低沉的
The gates shut behind him with a dull thud. 他走出後門砰的一聲悶響關上了。
4.not bright, with a lot of clouds 陰沉的；昏暗的；多雲的
It was a dull, grey day. 那是一個陰沉昏暗的日子。
5.not very severe, but continuous 隱隱約約的
a dull ache/pain 隱隱的疼痛
6.slow in understanding 遲鈍的；愚笨的
See also: stupid Synonym
a dull pupil/class/mind 反應遲鈍的學生／班級／頭腦
7.not busy; slow 蕭條的；不景氣的；呆滯的 especially American English
Don't sell into a dull market. 不要到蕭條的市場去推銷。
Derivative: dullness noun, uncountable
Derivative: dully adverb /ˈdʌlli/ DJ /'dʌllɪ/ KK
‘I suppose so,’ she said dully. “我看是這樣。”她木然說道。
His leg ached dully. 他的腿隱隱作痛。
Idiom: (as) dull as ditchwater British English
1.extremely boring 索然無味；無聊透頂
Variant: (as) dull as dishwater American English
verb
1.of pain or an emotion 疼痛或感情 to become or be made weaker or less severe 減輕；（使）變麻木
The tablets they gave him dulled the pain for a while. 他們給他的藥片暫時緩解了疼痛。 VN
2.to make a person slower or less lively 使遲鈍；使不活潑 VN written
He felt dulled and stupid with sleep. 他睡得迷迷糊糊，昏頭昏腦。
3.to become or to make something less bright, clean or sharp （使）變得無光澤，變模糊，變低沉
2010年10月15日 星期五
onwards
onwards /ˈɒnwədz/ DJ /ˈɑːnwərdz/ DJ US /'ɑnwɚdz/ KK US /ˈɔːn-/ DJ US /'ɔn-/ KK US
Variant: onward British English usually, especially British English /ˈɒnwəd/ DJ /ˈɑːnwərd/ DJ, US /'ɑnwɚd/ KK, US /ˈɔːn-/ DJ, US /'ɔn-/ KK, US
adverb, especially British English
1.continuing from a particular time 從（某時）起一直 from… onwards
They lived there from the 1980s onwards. 他們從 1980 年代起一直住在那裏。
The pool is open from 7 a.m. onwards. 游泳池從早上 7 點起開放。
2.forward 向前；前往 formal
adverb: forth, forward, ahead, along, forwards
Variant: onward British English usually, especially British English /ˈɒnwəd/ DJ /ˈɑːnwərd/ DJ, US /'ɑnwɚd/ KK, US /ˈɔːn-/ DJ, US /'ɔn-/ KK, US
adverb, especially British English
1.continuing from a particular time 從（某時）起一直 from… onwards
They lived there from the 1980s onwards. 他們從 1980 年代起一直住在那裏。
The pool is open from 7 a.m. onwards. 游泳池從早上 7 點起開放。
2.forward 向前；前往 formal
adverb: forth, forward, ahead, along, forwards
2010年10月13日 星期三
usher (usher in),
usher /ˈʌʃə(r)/ DJ /'ʌʃɚ/ KK
noun
1.a person who shows people where to sit in a church, public hall, etc. 引座員
2.an official who has special responsibilities in a court of law, for example allowing people in and out of the court （法庭的）傳達員，門衞，門房
3.a friend of the bridegroom at a wedding, who has special duties 男儐相
verb
1.to take or show somebody where they should go 把…引往；引導；引領 VN VN + adv./prep.
The secretary ushered me into his office. 秘書把我領進他的辦公室。
Phrasal: usher something↔in formal
1.to be the beginning of something new or to make something new begin 開創；開始；開啟
相關詞組
usher something↔in
開創；開始；開啟
usher in
領進;引進
同義字
verb: introduce, drive
noun: porter, doorman, doorkeeper
Paper sentences from Gilboa, E., DC-based cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest, 2007. 117(5): p. 1195-203.
The era of ex vivo vaccines was ushered in by pioneering work of Inaba, Steinman and colleagues, demonstrating that mouse DCs can be cultured ex vivo from bone marrow precusors.
noun
1.a person who shows people where to sit in a church, public hall, etc. 引座員
2.an official who has special responsibilities in a court of law, for example allowing people in and out of the court （法庭的）傳達員，門衞，門房
3.a friend of the bridegroom at a wedding, who has special duties 男儐相
verb
1.to take or show somebody where they should go 把…引往；引導；引領 VN VN + adv./prep.
The secretary ushered me into his office. 秘書把我領進他的辦公室。
Phrasal: usher something↔in formal
1.to be the beginning of something new or to make something new begin 開創；開始；開啟
相關詞組
usher something↔in
開創；開始；開啟
usher in
領進;引進
同義字
verb: introduce, drive
noun: porter, doorman, doorkeeper
Paper sentences from Gilboa, E., DC-based cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest, 2007. 117(5): p. 1195-203.
The era of ex vivo vaccines was ushered in by pioneering work of Inaba, Steinman and colleagues, demonstrating that mouse DCs can be cultured ex vivo from bone marrow precusors.
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