provoke, obviate,

provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ DJ /-ˈvoʊk/ DJ US /prə'vok/ KK US


verb

1.to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect 激起；引起；引發 VN

The announcement provoked a storm of protest. 這個聲明激起了抗議的風潮。

The article was intended to provoke discussion. 這篇文章旨在引發討論。

Dairy products may provoke allergic reactions in some people. 奶製品可能會引起某些人的過敏反應。

2.to say or do something that you know will annoy somebody so that they react in an angry way 挑釁；激怒；刺激 ~ sb (into sth/into doing sth)

See also: goad Synonym

英文字典


pro·voke

1.Stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion, typically a strong or unwelcome one) in someone

2.Stimulate or incite (someone) to do or feel something, esp. by arousing anger in them

3.Deliberately make (someone) annoyed or angry

同義字

verb: excite, irritate, incite, arouse, rouse, induce, instigate, cause, stimulate, vex

obviate /ˈɒbvieɪt/ DJ /ˈɑːb-/ DJ US /'ɑbvɪˈet/ KK US


1.to remove a problem or the need for something 消除；排除；打消 verb VN formal

英文字典


ob·vi·ate

1.Remove (a need or difficulty)

2.Avoid; prevent

同義字


verb: avoid, prevent, evade, avert, eliminate, preclude, forestall



Ref: Critical Reviews in Immunology. 30(4):340-386 (2010)


Two observations have helped explain this variation in helper dependence. First, CD40L can be induced in DCs by some, but not all, TLR ligands,344 and second, CD40 can be expressed on CD8+ T cells after activation.345 Thus, pathogens that provide appropriate TLR stimuli to provoke CD40L expression on DCs can trigger improved CD8+ T cell function via direct interaction with CD40 on the CD8+ T cell, obviating the requirement for an intermediary CD4+ T cell.